Moderate coffee consumption (3-5 cups per day) has been linked to a reduction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, likely due to the caffeine, polyphenols, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.

A Western diet (a diet high in processed/red meat, fried food, refined grains, and dairy) was linked to higher risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye condition that damages the retina.

An inflammatory marker, sCD14, may be a useful biomarker to assess risk of dementia and cognitive decline. Higher levels of sCD14 were linked to brain aging and injury, and declined executive functioning.

Alcohol consumption, even light to moderate, was linked to greater cancer risk, especially for cancers of the colorectum, stomach, breast, prostate, and esophagus, with lowest risk at zero alcohol.