In older adults, high-resolution fMRI brain scans showed stronger hippocampal activity and replay in the cortex in those who had better memory and recall scores, regardless of age.

Lactate is a memory-boosting molecular messenger produced by the gut microbe Lactobacillus (L. reuteri.) Feeding either L. reuteri or lactate to mice improved memory and increased GABA.

Circadian rhythm function declines with age and disrupts sleep; the age-related decline in NAD+ levels may be a reason why this occurs. Supplemental NAD+ restored circadian functions in mice.

In mice without a regulator of cell death, their eggs repaired DNA damage to maintain fertility, which is hopeful for women over 35 trying to become pregnant or with damaged eggs from cancer treatment.