Aerobic exercise boosts blood flow to brain regions that regulate memory, the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. Older adults who exercised had a 47 percent improvement in memory scores.

Maintaining cardiovascular health can protect cognitive decline in later life. In a 21-year study, people with a higher cardiovascular risk score had a faster decline in memory and brain volume.

In mice, gene therapy increased muscle mass, lowered fat, and reduced osteoarthritis symptoms even without exercise.  The gene, follistatin, blocks the activity of a protein that regulates muscle growth.

Ketogenic diets (KD) —low in carbohydrates, high in fat —produce ketone bodies that reduce inflammation and Bifidobacteria, which can be beneficial but increase inflammatory Th17 cells; KD reduces Th17 cells.