ApoE4, a gene associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, triggers leaks in the blood-brain barrier and causes inflammatory damage, often before amyloid plaques have appeared.

The monocyte cells Cxcl10+, in addition to T and B cells, cause the myelin sheath breakdown seen in multiple sclerosis. New treatment options could focus on deactivating Cxcl10+ monocytes.

Brain cells called astrocytes regulate memory and learning abilities. The transcription factor NFIA regulates astrocyte development. Mice without NFIA had defective astrocytes in the hippocampus.

Rapamycin, a drug that has been studied for its longevity-promoting effects, reversed gum disease, reduced inflammation, and created new tooth bone growth in a study of mice.