The standard American diet is made up in half by ultra-processed foods, which include packaged snacks, soda, sweets, chips, and other convenience foods, which have a negative impact on heart health.

A study of 1.1 million older adults found that those who increased their physical activity as they aged reduced their risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke, for both men and women.

Parkinson's disease (PD) can be categorized into two types: one of gut origin and one of brain origin. Gut-first PD originates in the peripheral nervous system of the gut and spreads to the brain.

Exercise affects bone marrow activity and reduces pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Exercising caused mice to produce less leptin, a hormone that suppresses appetite and increases inflammatory leukocytes.