The gene PSEN1 leads to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), while those with a  mutation do not show signs of AD until much later, possibly by limiting tau pathology and neurodegeneration.

Microvascular endothelial dysfunction, a common early sign of heart disease, was linked to a twofold greater risk of solid-tumor cancer. Endothelial dysfunction damages the walls of the arteries in the heart.

High levels of free testosterone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) were linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. IGF-1 stimulates cell growth and testosterone plays a role in prostate function.

High-intensity interval training in older adults during a 12-week study led to a 30% improvement in memory, compared to those who did moderate intensity activity or just stretching.