Alpha-GPC and Neuromuscular Junctions–and Why This Matters During Aging

Also known as alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine or choline alfoscerate (we’ll stick to calling it alpha-GPC), this molecule is known as a “cholinergic compound,” meaning it mimics or enhances the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.*  

In this case, alpha-GPC is metabolized into choline and glycerol-1-phosphate, the first of which is a precursor to acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is needed for memory, attention, and skeletal muscle contractions, while glycerol-1-phosphate supports healthy cell membranes. Plus, choline itself is a highly beneficial vitamin-like compound with roles in maintaining cell membrane integrity, cell signaling, fat transport and metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis.* 

Based on its relationship with choline and acetylcholine—and the fact that it can cross the highly selective blood-brain barrier—alpha-GPC has been studied the most for its role as a cognitive enhancer, including helping with memory, mental acuity, and neuronal health.*  

Additionally, emerging research also suggests that alpha-GPC may enhance athletic performance. This is also related to its conversion into acetylcholine, as the neurotransmitter facilitates the action potentials that stimulate muscle contraction. Stronger signals for muscle contraction can then lead to increased force during a workout or athletic event, helping with muscle growth.*  

One small clinical study found that young athletes who took alpha-GPC had greater vertical jump power 30 minutes later compared to those taking caffeine or a placebo. Notably, the lower amount of alpha-GPC (200mg) fared better than a higher amount (400mg).*  

Another small pilot study (just seven men) found that a single dose of alpha-GPC (600mg) led to a 14% greater increase in peak bench press force than a placebo group. In a randomized controlled trial with 48 college-aged males, taking 250mg of alpha-GPC before a workout increased maximum velocity and maximum mechanical power on countermovement jump performance (a reliable measure of lower body power). Yet another showed that 600mg alpha-GPC effectively increased lower body force after six days of supplementation in college-aged males.* 

It’s not just young athletes that this research could prove beneficial for. Supporting muscle contraction signaling at all ages is vital, as we lose anywhere from 3-8% of our muscle mass per decade beginning as early as age 30. How much skeletal muscle we have doesn’t just impact how strong our biceps look. It also affects our metabolism (more muscle means a higher metabolic rate) and helps to maintain muscle mass that is associated with increased healthspan, a healthy lifespan, mobility, bone health, and quality of life.*  

Acetylcholine’s involvement in age-related muscle health has to do with the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)—a synapse that links motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. Aging is associated with NMJ remodeling and impairment, and the primary mediator of NMJ function is acetylcholine. Therefore, increasing acetylcholine synthesis with alpha-GPC is suggested to be a way to support neuromuscular health with age.*  

Combined with its role in preserving cognitive health and acute mental performance, low-to-moderate doses of alpha-GPC could be considered a valuable supplement for people of all ages. That said, there are potential cardiovascular-related concerns about elevated levels of the compound TMAO from long-term and chronic supplementation of choline-containing compounds, so speak with your healthcare provider first if you’re unsure. *

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* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.