A protein in the brain, p11, regulates the feel-good hormone serotonin and the stress hormone cortisol in mice. Low levels of p11 are linked to depression, anxiety, and stronger reactions to stress.

Better blood sugar control improves cognition and the ability to think, learn, and remember in people with type 2 diabetes, more so than weight loss or increased physical activity.

Microglia cells, which act as scavengers to remove dying cells, also function as neuron modulators, indicating microglia can protect the brain from neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.

A recent study found that a mindfulness-based stress reduction course reduced chronic pain and depression. The eight-week program involved mindfulness meditation and Hatha yoga.