Long term use of proton pump inhibitors (drugs used for heartburn) is linked to an increased risk of developing dementia, due to inhibition of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 

Consuming flavonoid-rich foods (berries, apples, and tea) was linked to a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease over a 20-year study, with the lowest intake having 2-4 times greater risk.

A new compound, a peptide called Tat-P4-(C5)2, led to the complete relief of chronic pain in mice by affecting nerves directly without causing the lethargic side effects seen with other painkillers.

Previously thought to be 5 million years old, scientists have hypothesized that the origin of the human language pathway may be over 25 million years old, based on brain imaging scans of monkeys.