The rate at which genetic mutations accumulate predicts lifespan and the remaining female fertile years. Adults who accumulated fewer genetic mutations lived 5 years longer than those with more mutations.

One study found that certain gut bacteria are linked to modifications in behavior and eating patterns. The second study found that certain microbes lower cholesterol by increasing its metabolism.

Diluting the blood plasma of older mice by replacing half of it with saline and albumin was able to reverse signs of aging by acting as a molecular reset to reduce inflammatory proteins.

Older adults who regularly volunteer (for at least 100 hours per year, or 2 hours per week) have significantly reduced risk of mortality, as well as an improved sense of well-being and optimism.